Introduction
Pontianak Municipality is the capital of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pontianak region has about more than 600000 inhabitants and the whole area covers 107, 8 km2. Uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources, rise of industries and rapid population growth contstitute environmental problems. Several international issues of the environmental problems focus on this province and several international projects also work on nature conservation and development of sustainable practices. In order to preserve the valuable nature and minimise the environmental problems in Pontianak Municipality, it is essential to protect the area by prevents it with a sustainable development and environmental oriented management.
Generally in Indonesia, uncontrolled waste handling occurs in many areas constitutes potential risk for ground water contamination. The risk is mainly due to enrichment of nutrients from leachate emission from the waste dumps. Located in a tropical area make these waste dumps also related to the risk of disease transmission and many other global environmental problems such as carbon dioxide and methane gas emissions from land disposal sites that strongly contributed to the green house effect.
The Waste Problem in Pontianak Municipality
The limitation of area those can become as Final Disposal Waste Location in accompany with increase of waste volume those were caused by the city resident activities. Beside that, there are not yet community awareness to discharge waste in its place.
Waste production in Pontianak Municipality is about 300 tons/day . Composition and production of waste is depending on people’s living standard. At least 80% of waste composition from the municipality is organic materials (Harijono, 2000). The last couple of years there have been changes of composition of the household waste. The changes are result of in living habits and increase amount of packaging stuff (plastics, glass, polystyrene foam, etc. An increasing of heavy metals and trace elements in Pontianak Municipality cause big problems in the future if there is no awareness the of impacts of them.
There is no separation of household waste in Pontianak Municipality except the sorting by manual for reuse or recycling at the dumping site. Some waste is sorted before the dumping (see recycling part). All types of waste should be collected in the same plastic bag. The plastic bags then stored in the unspecified dustbin, temporary waste collection points or only replaced in front of the house before the dump truck come. There were some ideas to make separation will be intensively done and come up according to establishment of composting in large scale . Some people also just prepare a hole in the garden and burn out their garden trimming and waste (see burning). The other facts about situation in Pontianak Municipality were uncontrolled disposals still common, many of illegal refuses tip in built-up areas and dumps on riverbanks. Some people used plastic bags to store their waste but most of them put it in the closest communal collection points without the bag. The collection points are regularly emptied. Most of the waste collection points were placed close to the dwelling area and the market. The type and capacities of those collection points are varies depend on the need. Close to market usually big containers were used with capacity between 8 to 10 m3. Close to dwelling areas the capacity was used between 2 until 6 m3.
In Indonesia as well as in many other developing countries, recycling of reusable substances is actively performed by the "informal sector". In present there are about more than 50 persons as scavengers or waste pickers (pemulung) in TPA Batu Layang ( Final Disposal Waste Location in Pontianak ) dumping site who have activity to collect several reuse and recycle materials. Aluminum cans, plastics and bottles glass are the main target. Those materials can be sold to local and inter-local producer with reliable prices for local standard. This way become the main income per month for those unemployed people, the income is depend on how much they collect per day.
Scavengers or waste pickers or called in Indonesia as ‘pemulung’ are the poorest of the urban poor, and their social status is correspondingly low. "Pemulung" or scavengers fulfill an important role in Indonesian cities, collecting and recycling about a quarter of all solid waste. In Djakarta, they supply 90% of the waste paper recycled in the city's paper factories. The social standing of the pemulung is low.A program was implemented aims to improve their rights and negotiating powers, as well as providing training opportunities.
Treatment and management of waste depends on the waste characteristic, which is influenced by social-economy and culture condition in a society. The amount and composition of municipal refuse and disposal also parallels vary with economical situation and size of population, which is affect to life-style. In developing countries, as Indonesia, mostly have unstable economy situation and low priority of environmental control. This is not only due to public ignorance and apathy, lack of awareness of professionals about the range of technology available also as another factor. It should be realised that the approaches suggested for environmental control should be of low cost,
simple to operate and maintain. The advantages of natural environmental condition which, in hot climates, provide unique and advantageous mechanism to protect the environment and conserve resources.
Suggested method will be used according to waste management strategy in Pontianak Municipality should based on local condition and situation. Social and economical situation, control and awareness of environmental problems by local government and people should consider before the decision is made. Simple and low cost of operation and maintenance, sustainability to the local climate situation are should be put as main alternative for waste management in Pontianak Municipality. Meanwhile the next development should also develop within international standard.
The suggested strategy as a solution to solve the waste problem in Pontianak Municipality.
The suggested strategy include are:
• Development of waste minimisation programs
• Development of sorting, reuse and recycling activities
• Development of ecotechnology treatment methods for leachate water
• Energy and cost recovery oriented due to optimisation utility of waste.
Recycling and sorting processes should be encouraged in order to minimise waste production. It also creates new job opportunities for unemployed people and improves scavenging activities. Controlled waste management practices are important to optimise waste management. Efficient ways can be apply to meet local needs, e.g. composting as traditional biological method can be developed. The energy and cost recovery should be considered according to anticipate maintenance and operational cost for the whole sustainability of integrated waste management. Emission control should be introduced all disposal regarding gas emission and leachate. Ecotechnology to handle leachate can be applied with low cost and suitable for the local climate and economical condition.
Considering lack of human resource and financial by using of high operational and maintenance cost of waste management method such as sanitary landfill as main suggestion for management of waste in Pontianak Municipality should be evaluated before decided by local authority. Even though this method definitively should implemented as soon as possible. The development of present activities of waste management should the main target. Composting can be considered as a new big activity since the composition of local waste characteristics in this area still can be used as the source.
Attitude and awareness on environmental problems from the waste is low even almost ignorance by the public. The local authority should aware on this situation seriously by emphasised the development which can support better quality of mentality of the people, i.e. by better education, clear information, strong regulation, etc. Improvement recycling and reuse activities should arise since these activities are quite economical reasonable, and it is considered as potential informal sector accepted as new income sources.
To reduce waste from the source by 3 R pattern, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, it is expected the waste volume those were discharged to Final Disposal Waste Location will decrease. By habituation in separate waste from household, such as plastic, organic, paper, glass metal waste etc and make it to be new product that have economic value such as compost, craft or it is collected to be sold as raw material industry of raw material treatment from waste then it can increase community income. Then, slowly, the waste was not become problems but it become gift. And we have to remember that waste problems in Indonesia was not in its technological side but it is located in attitude and habituation, if the habit and life attitude to live in healthy and clean become this nation culture then it is easy to overcome waste problems. I cite word of K.H. Abdullah Gymnastiar to begin from oneself, from the little, and from now we make clean and health live as habituation.
Pontianak Municipality is the capital of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pontianak region has about more than 600000 inhabitants and the whole area covers 107, 8 km2. Uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources, rise of industries and rapid population growth contstitute environmental problems. Several international issues of the environmental problems focus on this province and several international projects also work on nature conservation and development of sustainable practices. In order to preserve the valuable nature and minimise the environmental problems in Pontianak Municipality, it is essential to protect the area by prevents it with a sustainable development and environmental oriented management.
Generally in Indonesia, uncontrolled waste handling occurs in many areas constitutes potential risk for ground water contamination. The risk is mainly due to enrichment of nutrients from leachate emission from the waste dumps. Located in a tropical area make these waste dumps also related to the risk of disease transmission and many other global environmental problems such as carbon dioxide and methane gas emissions from land disposal sites that strongly contributed to the green house effect.
The Waste Problem in Pontianak Municipality
The limitation of area those can become as Final Disposal Waste Location in accompany with increase of waste volume those were caused by the city resident activities. Beside that, there are not yet community awareness to discharge waste in its place.
Waste production in Pontianak Municipality is about 300 tons/day . Composition and production of waste is depending on people’s living standard. At least 80% of waste composition from the municipality is organic materials (Harijono, 2000). The last couple of years there have been changes of composition of the household waste. The changes are result of in living habits and increase amount of packaging stuff (plastics, glass, polystyrene foam, etc. An increasing of heavy metals and trace elements in Pontianak Municipality cause big problems in the future if there is no awareness the of impacts of them.
There is no separation of household waste in Pontianak Municipality except the sorting by manual for reuse or recycling at the dumping site. Some waste is sorted before the dumping (see recycling part). All types of waste should be collected in the same plastic bag. The plastic bags then stored in the unspecified dustbin, temporary waste collection points or only replaced in front of the house before the dump truck come. There were some ideas to make separation will be intensively done and come up according to establishment of composting in large scale . Some people also just prepare a hole in the garden and burn out their garden trimming and waste (see burning). The other facts about situation in Pontianak Municipality were uncontrolled disposals still common, many of illegal refuses tip in built-up areas and dumps on riverbanks. Some people used plastic bags to store their waste but most of them put it in the closest communal collection points without the bag. The collection points are regularly emptied. Most of the waste collection points were placed close to the dwelling area and the market. The type and capacities of those collection points are varies depend on the need. Close to market usually big containers were used with capacity between 8 to 10 m3. Close to dwelling areas the capacity was used between 2 until 6 m3.
In Indonesia as well as in many other developing countries, recycling of reusable substances is actively performed by the "informal sector". In present there are about more than 50 persons as scavengers or waste pickers (pemulung) in TPA Batu Layang ( Final Disposal Waste Location in Pontianak ) dumping site who have activity to collect several reuse and recycle materials. Aluminum cans, plastics and bottles glass are the main target. Those materials can be sold to local and inter-local producer with reliable prices for local standard. This way become the main income per month for those unemployed people, the income is depend on how much they collect per day.
Scavengers or waste pickers or called in Indonesia as ‘pemulung’ are the poorest of the urban poor, and their social status is correspondingly low. "Pemulung" or scavengers fulfill an important role in Indonesian cities, collecting and recycling about a quarter of all solid waste. In Djakarta, they supply 90% of the waste paper recycled in the city's paper factories. The social standing of the pemulung is low.A program was implemented aims to improve their rights and negotiating powers, as well as providing training opportunities.
Treatment and management of waste depends on the waste characteristic, which is influenced by social-economy and culture condition in a society. The amount and composition of municipal refuse and disposal also parallels vary with economical situation and size of population, which is affect to life-style. In developing countries, as Indonesia, mostly have unstable economy situation and low priority of environmental control. This is not only due to public ignorance and apathy, lack of awareness of professionals about the range of technology available also as another factor. It should be realised that the approaches suggested for environmental control should be of low cost,
simple to operate and maintain. The advantages of natural environmental condition which, in hot climates, provide unique and advantageous mechanism to protect the environment and conserve resources.
Suggested method will be used according to waste management strategy in Pontianak Municipality should based on local condition and situation. Social and economical situation, control and awareness of environmental problems by local government and people should consider before the decision is made. Simple and low cost of operation and maintenance, sustainability to the local climate situation are should be put as main alternative for waste management in Pontianak Municipality. Meanwhile the next development should also develop within international standard.
The suggested strategy as a solution to solve the waste problem in Pontianak Municipality.
The suggested strategy include are:
• Development of waste minimisation programs
• Development of sorting, reuse and recycling activities
• Development of ecotechnology treatment methods for leachate water
• Energy and cost recovery oriented due to optimisation utility of waste.
Recycling and sorting processes should be encouraged in order to minimise waste production. It also creates new job opportunities for unemployed people and improves scavenging activities. Controlled waste management practices are important to optimise waste management. Efficient ways can be apply to meet local needs, e.g. composting as traditional biological method can be developed. The energy and cost recovery should be considered according to anticipate maintenance and operational cost for the whole sustainability of integrated waste management. Emission control should be introduced all disposal regarding gas emission and leachate. Ecotechnology to handle leachate can be applied with low cost and suitable for the local climate and economical condition.
Considering lack of human resource and financial by using of high operational and maintenance cost of waste management method such as sanitary landfill as main suggestion for management of waste in Pontianak Municipality should be evaluated before decided by local authority. Even though this method definitively should implemented as soon as possible. The development of present activities of waste management should the main target. Composting can be considered as a new big activity since the composition of local waste characteristics in this area still can be used as the source.
Attitude and awareness on environmental problems from the waste is low even almost ignorance by the public. The local authority should aware on this situation seriously by emphasised the development which can support better quality of mentality of the people, i.e. by better education, clear information, strong regulation, etc. Improvement recycling and reuse activities should arise since these activities are quite economical reasonable, and it is considered as potential informal sector accepted as new income sources.
To reduce waste from the source by 3 R pattern, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, it is expected the waste volume those were discharged to Final Disposal Waste Location will decrease. By habituation in separate waste from household, such as plastic, organic, paper, glass metal waste etc and make it to be new product that have economic value such as compost, craft or it is collected to be sold as raw material industry of raw material treatment from waste then it can increase community income. Then, slowly, the waste was not become problems but it become gift. And we have to remember that waste problems in Indonesia was not in its technological side but it is located in attitude and habituation, if the habit and life attitude to live in healthy and clean become this nation culture then it is easy to overcome waste problems. I cite word of K.H. Abdullah Gymnastiar to begin from oneself, from the little, and from now we make clean and health live as habituation.
( The author is a staff of Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kota Pontianak)
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar