Swedish energy policy strives to create a sustainable energy system with a long term vision for Sweden to obtain all energy supply from renewable energy sources.
The objective of the Swedish Government's energy policy is to secure a reliable supply of electricity and other forms of energy at internationally competitive prices, both for the short and the long terms. Sweden has decided that an energy policy should create conditions for efficient and sustainable energy use, as well as a cost-effective Swedish energy supply with minimum negative impact on health, the environment and the climate. It should also facilitate the transition to an ecologically sustainable society. To achieve this, global cooperation is required.
The Swedish Energy System
Electricity production in Sweden is basically fossil-free. Approximately half of the electricity production comes from hydropower and the remainder is provided by nuclear power.
Electricity production in Sweden is basically fossil-free. Approximately half of the electricity production comes from hydropower and the remainder is provided by nuclear power.
Despite rising industrial output, the use of oil has fallen from more than 70 % of the total energy supply in 1970 to around 30 % today. This is mainly due to diversification of fuels and more efficient use of energy.The share of renewable energy sources in the Swedish energy system has increased rapidly during the past decade, from 22 % of the total energy supply in 1994 to 28 % today. Biomass accounts for the greater part of the increase. Wind energy has increased from negligible in 1994 to almost 1 TWh today.
Sweden has an extensive district heating sector. District heating accounts for about 40 % of the heating market in Sweden. The change in the fuel mix has been dramatic. Compared to 1970, when oil was the main fuel, oil accounts for only a few percent today. More than 62 % of district heating fuel today is biomass.
A dramatic drop in emissions of sulphur and a steady decrease of emissions of nitrogen oxides have occurred. Swedish scientists were among the first to discover the effects of acid rain; this was a focal point in the first UN Environmental Conference in Stockholm in 1972, twenty years before the following conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Swedish industry was also among early world pioneers in demonstrating the first technological solutions for flue gas desulphurization.
Sweden and the other Nordic countries liberalized their electricity sectors relatively early. To further integrate the Nordic energy market, a great deal of effort is now going into improving the transmission system and using modern technology to increase the international interconnections.
Green Certificates for Promoting Renewable Electricity
On May 1, 2003, a new support system for renewable electricity production, based on trading in electricity certificates for renewable electricity, was introduced to bring a greater proportion of electricity from renewable sources into the country's energy system. All electricity users, with the exception of manufacturing processes in energy-intensive industries, are required to buy certificates corresponding to a certain percentage of their electricity use.
On May 1, 2003, a new support system for renewable electricity production, based on trading in electricity certificates for renewable electricity, was introduced to bring a greater proportion of electricity from renewable sources into the country's energy system. All electricity users, with the exception of manufacturing processes in energy-intensive industries, are required to buy certificates corresponding to a certain percentage of their electricity use.
Bio Energy and Wind for a Sustainable Future
The proportion of bio energy used in the Swedish energy system has steadily increased from a little over 10 % of the total energy supply in the 1980's to about 16 % or 100 TWh in 2004. Most of the increase has been attributable to industry and district heating plants. The bio fuels used in the Swedish energy system consist mainly of wood fuels, black liquors and tall oil pitches, and ethanol.
The proportion of bio energy used in the Swedish energy system has steadily increased from a little over 10 % of the total energy supply in the 1980's to about 16 % or 100 TWh in 2004. Most of the increase has been attributable to industry and district heating plants. The bio fuels used in the Swedish energy system consist mainly of wood fuels, black liquors and tall oil pitches, and ethanol.
To a large extent, the expansion of bio fuels has come about through an ambitious policy on renewable energy, and the Swedish Government is determined to continue pursuing this policy. Investment in bio energy will contribute to a secure and sustainable energy supply as well as growth and job creation.
Wind energy today accounts for less than one percent of the electricity production. The potential for wind energy is substantially larger. The expansion rate for wind energy has increased rapidly during the past few years. A national target has been set for creating the conditions for annual wind power production of 10 TWh by 2015.
Agencies
The two main bodies responsible for implementing energy policy measures are the Swedish Energy Agency and Affärsverket svenska kraftnät. However, the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, the Swedish Consumer Agency, the Swedish National Electrical Safety Board, the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems, the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, the Swedish Research Council and the county administrative boards also help implement measures in the sphere of energy policy.
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